Biases

The biases FLAIMS protects against

Smart people make predictable mistakes. Decades of cognitive science have catalogued the systematic errors that creep into every decision, every meeting, every roadmap. FLAIMS does not pretend they go away — it builds structure around them.

  • 01I

    Automation Bias

    Parasuraman & Manzey, 2010

    People over-trust automated outputs — especially under time pressure. A confident answer from a machine is treated as more reliable than the same answer from a colleague.

    Impact on working life

    AI-generated drafts ship without review. Dashboards are believed even when the underlying data is broken. Critical thinking quietly atrophies.

    FLAIMS →

    Intelligence (Human-Centered AI): AI is governed infrastructure with named owners and verification rituals — not a black box on each laptop.

  • 02S

    Confirmation Bias

    Nickerson, 1998

    People preferentially seek, interpret and remember information that confirms what they already believe — and discount what contradicts it.

    Impact on working life

    Strategy reviews become applause meetings. Red flags from junior staff get reframed as 'not understanding the bigger picture'. The same hire profile keeps failing.

    FLAIMS →

    Segmentation of Power: cold Governance checks data, facts and numbers separately from warm Leadership coaching — disagreement is structural, not personal.

  • 03F

    Status Quo Bias

    Samuelson & Zeckhauser, 1988

    Defaults win. People stay with the current tool, process or supplier even when a clearly better option exists, because change feels like loss.

    Impact on working life

    Legacy stacks survive a decade past their usefulness. 'We always did it this way' kills better Flow designs. Migrations get postponed until they become emergencies.

    FLAIMS →

    Flow + Mastery: time-boxed decision rooms force a choice; deliberate practice keeps craft sharp instead of defaulting to habit.

  • 04A

    Sunk Cost Fallacy

    Arkes & Blumer, 1985

    People continue investing in a failing course of action because they have already invested — even when stopping is clearly the better move.

    Impact on working life

    Doomed projects get more budget instead of less. Bad hires stay too long. Acquisitions get defended years after the thesis broke.

    FLAIMS →

    Accountability: named owners + evidence-based stop/continue checkpoints make exit the structural default, not a personal defeat.

  • 05L

    Groupthink

    Janis, 1972

    Cohesive groups suppress dissent to preserve harmony. Members self-censor doubts; the illusion of unanimity replaces real reasoning.

    Impact on working life

    Leadership offsites end with twelve nods and zero hard questions. Risk is named once in a corridor and never in the room.

    FLAIMS →

    Leadership + Segmentation of Power: co-active coaching trains dissent; the Gravity Decision Model assigns weight by stakes, not by who spoke loudest.

  • 06A

    Hindsight Bias

    Fischhoff, 1975

    After an outcome is known, people see it as having been predictable — and judge the original decision-maker as if they should have known.

    Impact on working life

    Blameless retros become blameful. Risk-taking gets punished after the fact, so people stop taking smart risks at all.

    FLAIMS →

    Accountability: separates the quality of the decision from the quality of the outcome. The system, not the person, is on trial.

  • 07M

    Dunning-Kruger Effect

    Kruger & Dunning, 1999

    People with low competence overestimate their ability; people with high competence often underestimate theirs. The least skilled are the most confident.

    Impact on working life

    Confident-but-wrong voices dominate. True experts get talked over. Promotion goes to assertiveness instead of mastery.

    FLAIMS →

    Mastery: an explicit craft ladder with deliberate practice and external feedback — competence is visible, not just claimed.

  • 08I

    Availability Heuristic

    Tversky & Kahneman, 1973

    People judge how likely something is by how easily an example comes to mind — recent, vivid or emotional events feel more probable than they are.

    Impact on working life

    One loud customer complaint reshapes the roadmap. One bad hire makes the next ten interviews paranoid. Last quarter's crisis becomes this quarter's strategy.

    FLAIMS →

    Intelligence: governed data and AI-assisted base-rates anchor decisions in actual frequency, not in the loudest recent memory.

  • 09F

    Planning Fallacy

    Kahneman & Tversky, 1979

    People systematically underestimate how long tasks will take and how much they will cost — even when they have done the same task many times before.

    Impact on working life

    Roadmaps slip by 50–200%. Quarterly commitments are theatre. Trust between delivery and leadership erodes one missed deadline at a time.

    FLAIMS →

    Flow: WIP-limits, CoreJobs and time-boxed decision rooms convert wishful estimates into observed throughput.

  • 10S

    Halo Effect

    Thorndike, 1920

    One positive trait (charisma, school name, past success) bleeds into unrelated judgements about a person or company.

    Impact on working life

    Charismatic leaders get unchecked authority. Big-brand vendors win deals their product can't back up. Hiring tilts toward 'looks right'.

    FLAIMS →

    Segmentation of Power: authority is granted per decision class, not per person — and reviewed by cold governance.

How FLAIMS responds

Structure beats willpower.

You cannot train these biases out of people — they are how human cognition works. What you can do is design the organisation so the biases meet friction at exactly the right moments: in governance, in decision rooms, in AI usage, in retrospectives. FLAIMS turns each bias into a structural checkpoint instead of a personal failing.

See how it works
Bias → FLAIMS counter-structure
  • IAutomation BiasIntelligence
  • SConfirmation BiasSegmentation
  • FStatus Quo BiasFlow
  • ASunk Cost FallacyAccountability
  • LGroupthinkLeadership
  • AHindsight BiasAccountability
  • MDunning-Kruger EffectMastery
  • IAvailability HeuristicIntelligence
  • FPlanning FallacyFlow
  • SHalo EffectSegmentation
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